DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF SPECIAL CERAMIC MATERIALS
Ceramic and metal materials and polymer materials are the three most widely used materials in today's society. Ceramic products are divided into ordinary ceramics and advanced ceramics. Advanced ceramics can be divided into structural ceramics and functional ceramics according to their characteristics and uses.
Among them, structural ceramics are mainly based on their mechanical properties, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and other ceramic materials; Functional ceramics are mainly based on their electrical, thermal, acoustic, optical, magnetic and other characteristics of ceramic materials.
The rapid development of new ceramics can be summarized as follows:
It has excellent physical and mechanical properties, high strength, high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, thermal shock resistance, and excellent functions in heat, light, sound, electricity, magnetism, chemistry, biology, etc. It can meet the needs of modern science and technology and economic construction.
The added value of the product is quite high, and the application is very extensive, which almost permeates all walks of life and the market will continue to expand in the future.
Its raw materials are obtained from mineral soil or through synthesis, and its reserves are very rich.
Application of New Ceramic Materials
Advanced ceramics are widely used in various fields of national economy, such as national defense, chemical industry, metallurgy, electronics, machinery, aerospace, biomedicine, due to their specific fine structure and a series of excellent properties, such as high strength, high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, conductivity, insulation, magnetism, light transmission, semiconductor, piezoelectric, acoustooptic, superconducting, and biocompatibility.
Electronic industry
Electronic industry is the largest terminal application market of advanced ceramic industry. Electronic ceramics refer to ceramic materials used in electronic equipment as installation, fixation, support, protection, insulation, isolation and connection of various radio components. At present, electronic ceramic materials and components mainly include: optical fiber ceramic insert, ceramic packaging base, ceramic substrate, ceramic matrix, terminal blocks, chip multilayer ceramic capacitors, etc. The main materials are oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides, etc. The rapid development of modern science and technology has posed more severe challenges to electronic ceramic materials and created new opportunities for research and development in this field.
Automotive industry
With the rapid development of science and technology, more special ceramics and intelligent ceramics are applied to automobiles, bringing a new revolution to the processing and manufacturing of automobile parts. At present, ceramic materials used in automobiles mainly include silicon oxide ceramics, silicon carbide ceramics, silicon nitride ceramics, aluminum oxide ceramics. In the future, more new special ceramic materials such as lithium oxide will be used in automobile manufacturing.
At present, the main parts of automobile engines, such as pistons, cylinder heads, valves, exhaust pipes, turbine smoke compressors, oxygen sensors and spark plugs, are made of advanced ceramic materials, and a water-free thermal insulation ceramic engine has been developed.
Application of Ceramic Materials in Automotive Engines
Automobile sensors are required to be suitable for the specific harsh environment (high temperature, low temperature, vibration, acceleration, humidity, exhaust gas) for a long time, and should be small and light, good reusability, wide output range, etc. The sensor made of ceramic with heat resistance, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and potential excellent electromagnetic and optical functions can fully meet the above requirements.
Application of Ceramic Materials in Automotive Sensors
In addition, the ceramic brake is made on the basis of carbon fiber brake. The hardness of its carbon silicon compound surface is close to diamond. The carbon fiber structure in the disc makes it strong, impact resistant and corrosion resistant, making the disc extremely wear-resistant. The intelligent shock absorber successfully developed by comprehensively utilizing the positive piezoelectric effect, inverse piezoelectric effect and electrostriction effect of sensitive ceramics. Because of the use of highly sensitive ceramic elements, it has the function of identifying the road surface and can make self adjustment, which can minimize the vibration caused by the rough road surface of the car.
Aerospace
Materials used in aerospace field are mostly used in extreme harsh environments such as ultra-high temperature and strong radiation, which require materials with high specific strength, high specific modulus, high temperature resistance, ablation resistance and other characteristics. Although the market scale of aerospace industry is limited, its high requirements for material properties strongly promote the development level and technical progress of engineering ceramics.
Optical ceramic products
Transparent ceramics are ceramics that can penetrate light. Transparent ceramics not only have good transparency and optical properties, but also maintain the high strength, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, good electrical insulation, high thermal conductivity and good dielectric properties of structural ceramics. Therefore, they are increasingly used in new lighting technologies, observation windows under high temperature, high pressure and corrosive environments, infrared detection windows, missile protective fairing, military transparent armor and other fields.
Biomedical field
Bioceramics refers to a class of ceramic materials used for specific biological or physiological functions, that is, ceramic materials directly used for human body or biological, medical, biochemical and other materials directly related to human body. Because of its good biocompatibility and stable physicochemical properties, it is widely used in orthopedics, dentistry, plastic surgery, oral surgery, cardiovascular surgery, ophthalmology and other fields.
Chemical industry
Ceramic materials have excellent chemical stability. Except hydrofluoric acid and high concentration alkali, they have excellent corrosion resistance to almost all concentrations of inorganic acids, salts and organic media. With the advent of structural ceramics and functional ceramics, their performance has been continuously improved, reducing brittleness and improving strength. Ceramic materials are widely used in petrochemical, fertilizer, pharmaceutical, food, paper making, refining, chemical fiber and other industries. For example, acid resistant linings and acid resistant floors for equipment, towers, vessels and pipelines for production, storage and transportation of corrosive media, ceramic pumps, valves and other corrosion resistant equipment can also be used as fillers.
Textile industry
The application of ceramic materials in the textile industry is mainly reflected in: first, ceramic textile parts; The second is ceramic textile fabrics. Ceramic textile parts have the characteristics of high wear resistance and good chemical stability. They are installed on the key parts of textile machinery and equipment, greatly improving the speed and quality of synthetic fibers and yarns, such as friction discs, thread trimmers and wire guides. In addition, the researchers used a special process to combine ceramic powder with textiles to prepare fabrics with various functions, further promoting the application of ceramic materials in the textile industry.
Military field
Special ceramics in military applications mainly refer to alumina and boron carbide. In modern military, no matter the modern weapons of sea, land, air or other arms, there are components made of special ceramics. For example, B4C ceramics can be used as bulletproof armor for aircraft, vehicles and personnel; The B4C lining made of proportional fiber and B4C composite material can block the penetration of small caliber armor projectiles. In addition, the ceramic heat insulation tile on the outer wall of the spaceship is a glass fiber composite material, which has excellent properties such as light weight, heat resistance, impact resistance, low thermal conductivity, and is an ideal military heat insulation material.
Special ceramics are also used in missile control systems. A pneumatic radome is added to the radar antenna to coordinate the functions of mechanical, thermal and electrical systems and ensure the normal operation of the missile; There are also special high-temperature materials needed for rockets, many of which are also made of metal ceramics.
New ceramic materials are not only the material basis for today's scientific and technological development, but also the indispensable material conditions for establishing and developing new technology industries, transforming traditional industries, saving energy, protecting the environment and improving China's international competitiveness.
The continuous progress of new technology will put forward more stringent requirements for the performance of new ceramic materials. We must constantly forge ahead, improve the preparation technology of new ceramic materials, and innovate new material systems to make greater contributions to the progress of human society.
Post time: Nov-29-2022